investments by college and non-college educated parents and their children widened up precisely during this first period …

is absent for children of preschool age. We also find that (1) boys are more likely to migrate following the reduction in … the number of rural primary schools, (2) migrant households with multiple children tend to take their sons to migrate more … than they take their daughters, and (3) the fact that parents of boy students spend more on their children's education can …

children who were in the womb during the bombing. We investigate the in utero effect in terms of short-term outcomes, such as … score matching. We compare the birthweight of children born in the same year (1999) and in the months just before and after … the bombing, and children born in the same months of the previous year (1998). We then exploit the data on educational …