parents, varies across race. Using education data linked to tax records, we find that the income-achievement gap is small for … the variation in the gap across race. Our results suggest that the large income-achievement gap for Indigenous students …

We study whether racial disparities in economic opportunity appear at an early age. Using administrative education data … outcomes and poor housing conditions. Our findings on income-achievement gaps across race could partially explain the different … intergenerational mobility outcomes by race documented by others. …