-sectional data arises from offsetting ageing and cohort effects. In these countries more recent birth cohorts have lower levels of …

The relationship between ageing and skills is of growing policy significance due to population ageing, the changing … survey data across time we can separate birth cohort and ageing effects. In doing so we find literacy skills decline with age … skills with age at lower percentiles, which suggests that higher initial literacy moderates the influence of cognitive ageing. …

This paper provides unique evidence of a reversal of gender gaps in cognitive development in early childhood. We find … steep caste and gender gradients and few substantive changes once children enter school. The gender gap, however, reverses …

a 0.1 standard deviation increase in test scores, but only for girls. We show that a reason for the gender … water provision to narrow test score gaps across countries and, within countries, across gender. …