three basic questions, as well as examining students' race/ethnicity and poverty status, summer learning loss to determine … closed its doors to students from mid-March 2020 to June 2021. During this time, instruction transitioned from face …-to-face to virtual, with students having three options for virtual instruction. In addition to individual KPS student data, the …

, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom. We find strong and significant cognitive losses of students lacking the … with the digital divide, while family characteristics matter in the United Kingdom. In the longer run, students who cannot …

We estimate the impact of district-level schooling mode (in-person versus hybrid or distance learning) on test scores …, but were significantly larger in districts with larger populations of students who are Black, Hispanic or eligible for …

to estimate learning losses. It models the effect of school closures on achievement by predicting the deviation of the …. Scores declined by an average of 14 percent of a standard deviation, roughly equal to seven months of learning. Losses were … greater for students in schools that faced relatively longer closures, boys, immigrants, and disadvantaged students …

to estimate learning losses. It models the effect of school closures on achievement by predicting the deviation of the …. Scores declined by an average of 14 percent of a standard deviation, roughly equal to seven months of learning. Losses were … greater for students in schools that faced relatively longer closures, boys, immigrants, and disadvantaged students …

learning. This paper investigates the impact produced by this shift on students' performance. We use administrative data of … four cohorts of students enrolled in an Italian University and adopt a difference-in-differences strategy exploiting the … face-to-face in the first semester. We compare students' performance in the second semester of 2020 with their performance …

COVID-19 had repercussions in many fields, including education. Although society worldwide was affected, students and … the academic sector were hit hardest. Distance learning was used by almost all governments globally during the pandemic to … of the parents, etc., have tremendous impacts on students' academic performance and mental health. The primary aim of …