Although there seems to be consensus in the literature that venture capital investors increase the innovation output of their portfolio companies, there is little evidence about how investor type (governmental vs. private) and transaction structure (syndicated vs. non-syndicated) moderate this...

We argue that different forms of venture capital contribute differently to the innovation process and, consequently, differ in their impact on portfolio companies' innovation output. Our results suggest that the innovation output of companies financed by independent VCs increases significantly...