Democracy and trade policy in developing countries -- Trade protection and electoral malpractice in new democratic regimes -- Trade protection and electoral fraud in new democracies: the empirical evidence -- Political particularism and trade policy in developing democracies -- Empirical tests...

This paper compares the degree of openness to trade of three developed countries markets-the European Union, Japan, the United States-with that of three middle-income countries, namely Brazil, India, and China. A theoretically consistent protection measure - the Mercantilistic Trade...