closely reproduces the decline in informality observed between 2003 and 2012. The change in the composition of the labor force … the effectiveness of a progressive payroll tax in reducing informality. …

Employment is key to combating poverty. Thus, detractors of social assistance programs argue that they create … jury is still out with respect to their impact on formal employment. This paper exploits an unannounced change in the … eligibility rule of the Bolsa Familia program in Brazil, one of the oldest and largest conditional cash transfers in the world, to …

effects between the formal and shadow sectors in the aftermath of the increase in the minimum wage. Using data on Brazil, we …

successfully compete for formal jobs. Specifically, we calculate the returns to education on formal employment for a discriminated … access to formal jobs. But, for indigenous workers with only secondary education, we find an "informality trap" where returns …Discrimination in formal labor markets can push discriminated groups into labor informality, where wages are lower and …