-operated farms in Brazil, Paraguay and Peru. Previous studies in Latin America suggest that the gender of the household head is not a …. We hypothesize that female land rights, by increasing women's options, are a positive determinant of household income … operative. They are negatively associated with farm income in both countries and with farm revenue in Brazil. …

This paper investigates the effects of short-run economic shocks on children`s progress through school in urban Brazil … using a unique panel data set. The severe problem of grade repetition in Brazil contributes to overall low education levels … investigates whether children's effort on schoolwork is diminished when parents experience a transitory shock to income. …