This paper argues that incorporating information about the financial cycle is important to improve measures of potential output and output gaps. Conceptually, identifying potential output with non-inflationary output is too restrictive. Potential output is seen as sustainable; yet experience...

This paper defines the special characteristics of the financial cycle of Spain during the period 1995-2016 and investigates to what extend the stability of the banking system attenuates or exacerbates the financial cycle. The findings of these two empirical analyses highlight that the financial...

The gold standard was a monetary system based on fixed exchange rates, whereby domestic prices were pegged to the international price level and a high level of control had to be exercised over the money supply. This meant that fiscal discipline also had to be maintained for a country to remain...