Private antitrust litigation often involves a dominant firm being accused of exclusionary conduct by a smaller rival. In such cases, the defendant generally has a much larger financial stake in the outcome. We explore the implications of this asymmetry in a model of litigation with endogenous...

This paper aims to answer the question whether the current (EU) antitrust law is well-equipped to deal with explicit collusion by pricing algorithms that act independently from the companies using them. The paper unfolds in three main parts: first, it outlines the exact circumstances of the...

AI has undoubtedly brought beneficial innovations, but from a regulatory perspective, it is alleged that it challenges the antitrust system. In this regard, this Paper shall critically assess the issues which robots on AI pose on Article 101 and whether this framework is up to the task in...

There is a data paradox in competition enforcement. Data is an infinitely scalable, widely available, non-rivalrous and non-exclusive asset. The European Commission's merger decisional practice suggests that these features make data a kind of asset unlikely to be conducive to competition issues....

Competition enforcement is characterised by asymmetric information and Competition Authorities have been provided with inspection powers to reduce the informative gap. The paper looks at competition inspections from different perspectives. First of all, the paper analyses convergences of...

Based on the European legal rules on freedom of establishment founders of companies have freedom of choice between different corporate laws – and as the emergence of new types such as the Spanish “lightning company” and the French ‘one-euro company' reveal, legislatures more and more try...

This paper presents a non-technical introduction to three economic tools that have in recent years become widespread in competition law enforcement in general and in the analysis of proposed mergers in particular: critical loss analysis, upward pricing pressure, and the vertical arithmetic. In...

This article investigates the purpose and workings of EU competition law and policy: how does the protection of competition promote welfare? It scrutinizes the claim that sustainable consumption and production (SCP) requires flexible rather than strict enforcement of Article 101 TFEU. Flexible...