Novel external partnerships are valuable but risky, and scholars have examined the organization- and individual-level determinants of firms' decisions to pursue these new relationships. Yet, in organizations doing complex and knowledge-intensive work, decisions about interorganizational...

Leaders play crucial roles in their enterprises. Most modern organizations today, such as corporations and government departments, have no leaders. About 80% of all organizations have no top structures, and are run by inertia as leaderless organizations. These organizations have pretense-pseudo...