The CML (Capital Market Line), the Intertemporal-CAPM, the CAPM/SML (Security Market Line) and the Intertemporal Arbitrage Pricing Theory (IAPT) are major elements of modern finance, and are widely used in portfolio management, valuation and capital markets financing. However, these theories are...

Since 1990, there has been substantial debate in both the popular press and academic materials about earnings management by multinational companies and the capital markets (ie. microstructure; raising capital) effects of their rampant uses of Dividend-Equivalent Rights (“DERs”) and...

This article: i) introduces three new decision models - MN Type-I Decision Model; MN Type-II Decision Model and MN Type-III Decision Model; ii) explains why Risk-Adjusted Indices (“RAIs”; a class of Governance-models) can cause systemic risk; iii) explains why Risk-Adjusted Indices,...