"Immigration is an integral part of national identity in settler societies such as Canada. But in countries where identity is defined more in ethnic terms, such as Germany, the presence of immigrants has only recently begun to be acknowledged. Taking these two countries as case studies,...

I test some predictions of Gary Becker’s theory of taste discrimination regarding discrimination of foreigners by employers, co-workers and customers. I combine a 2% sample of the German working population and a 50% sample of German plants with low-level regional data, including the vote...

We compare trends in mortality, nutritional status and food supply to other living standard indicators for the early years of the Nazi period. We find that Germany experienced a substantial increase in mortality rates in most age groups in the mid-1930s, even relative to those of 1932, the worst...