lessens the earnings and employment impacts of children. We find that the arrival of a firstborn reduces employment and … earnings of mothers and employment of grandmothers. Studying a universal childcare program in Quebec, we find formal childcare … increases the employment rates of mothers, as well as that of grandmothers to a lesser extent. Examining heterogeneity of the …

across countries in employment and earnings gaps at age 30. At age 50, however, employment between mothers and non …-mothers have closed in most countries. We also observe convergence in employment gaps between mothers and fathers by age 50, but …

In this paper we examine employment and child-care choices of two-parent families with young children in the United … States and Canada, using a pooled data set based on recent national surveys in each country. We find that the employment and … child-care choices of Canadian families are similar to those of U.S. families. Estimates of a model of employment and child …

Longitudinal and International Study of Adults to estimate Canadian child penalties in both earnings and employment for a period … decrease by 49% the year of birth, with a penalty still at 34.3% 10 years after; the corresponding penalty in employment down …