A start of a modern-era financial innovation on capital and financial markets is usually dated around the 1970s. Drawing on two broad assumptions that (i) capital markets are important and (ii) hybrid securities are an important part of capital markets, since hybrid issues exist and continue...

This paper examines the long and short-run relationships between three Central European Economies stock returns (Poland, Hungary and Czech Republic) and their main western economic and trading partner, which is Germany. We obtain evidence of links between macroeconomic variables and stock...

A stock exchange and the presence of functioning equity markets are part and parcel of an advanced market-based financial system. Previous research has also established that equity markets function more efficiently in the presence of supporting institutions such as property rights and rule of...