Investors have a growing awareness that climate transition risks (such as carbon pricing policy) are among the new risk drivers of the financial system. One of the relevant implications of a shock in carbon price is the increase in business costs, which may diminish profitability and affect...

The economic evaluation of ultra-long-lived investment projects is not only challenging due to the choice of the planning horizon but also due to the discounting of future uncertain cash flows. Thus, for real world investment decisions a better understanding of the project's risks and their...

How to measure a project's implied rate of return has long been an unresolved problem, except for some special cases. This paper derives return on present cost (ROPC) as the correct measure of an investment project's implied rate of return. The IRR is a biased measure except for projects...