For the DAX index market, this paper analyses the development of return differences between exchange traded funds (ETFs) and the DAX index from the perspective of long-term investors. The newly introduced methodology provides the opportunity to continuously identify long-term costs of passively...

This study examines the co-movement phenomenon in Taiwan's stock markets. We investigate this phenomenon both before and after the inclusion and exclusion of component stocks from the Taiwan 50 or Taiwan 100 indices in terms of changes in component stock returns and turnover co-movement...