This paper studies how to incorporate observable factors in difference-in-differences and document their empirical relevance. We show that even under random assignment directly adding factors with unit-specific loadings into the difference-in-differences estimation results in biased estimates....

We study the recursive, out-of-sample realized predictive performance of a rich set of predictor choices and models, spanning linear and Markov switching frameworks when the forecast target is represented by excess NCREIF and equity NAREIT returns. We find considerable pockets of predictive...

This paper analyzes housing price dynamics in and outside of Telecom Corridor, a region near Dallas, Texas, with a high concentration of new economy firms. Using separate home price indexes in and outside this region, the paper tests whether home values are more volatile in the new economy area...

We estimate total returns to rental housing by studying over 170,000 hand-collected archival observations of prices and rents for individual houses in Paris (1809-1943) and Amsterdam (1900-1979). The annualized real total return, net of costs and taxes, is 4.0% for Paris and 4.8% for Amsterdam,...

This paper explains how common misconceptions about residential real estate returns contribute to unrealistic expectations about house price appreciation. The paper evaluates several comprehensive ways of computing residential real estate returns and discusses the relation between real estate...

While homeownership provides consumption benefits, housing is risky. Using zip code housing returns, we document that homeowners are compensated for bearing housing risk. Our sample covers more than 9,000 zip codes across 135 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), representing almost 70% of the...

Real estate—housing in particular—is a less profitable investment in the long run than previously thought. We hand-collect property-level financial data for the institutional real estate portfolios of four large Oxbridge colleges over the period 1901–1983. Gross income yields initially...

This paper outlines and applies a methodology for estimating and examining the variation in risk and return for individual homes. This is important because most households own individual properties and the risk and return profile of each of these may differ. We use large data sets of home prices...