This paper is the first that completely studies dynamical and cross-sectional structures of bonds, typically used as risk-free assets in mathematical finance, on the independence of the common factors with the empirical copula. During the last decade, financial models based empirically on common...

Many finance problems can be formulated as a singular stochastic control problem, where the associated Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation takes the form of variational inequality and its penalty approximation equation is linked to a regular control problem. The penalty method, as a finite...