endeavors to map the diversity of religious belief and to critically assess the limits of religion. That Ākhūndzāda's critique … of religion reached further than that of his predecessors is due in part to the influence of the European Enlightenment …

guarantees of the free exercise of religion and the absence of state establishment of religion. This article challenges the … idealized portrayal of a religion’s ‘flourish[ing] according to the zeal of its adherents and the appeal of its dogma’ and … examines the dynamics of material wealth and political power in a religion’s success. This article suggests that controversial …