Cost functions and cost efficiency are commonly estimated for industries with detailed data on production and cost … performance. While a larger program expense ratio captures better administrative cost efficiency, it does not gauge best … a best-practice cost frontier to gauge the relative efficiency of not-for-profit organizations. Focusing on not …

We investigate the association between cash flow volatility and labor investment efficiency using a sample of US …-listed firms from 2000 to 2021. We document a positive association between cash flow volatility and labor investment efficiency. We … also document that dividend-paying firms are associated with higher labor investment efficiency; however, we estimated a …