In 2009 and 2010, China undertook a 4 trillion Yuan fiscal stimulus, roughly equivalent to 12 percent of annual GDP. The “fiscal” stimulus was largely financed by off-balance sheet companies (local financing vehicles) that borrowed and spent on behalf of local governments. The off-balance...

The paper examines the unconditional sigma and time-series convergence of real GDP per capita (measured in national currencies and euros) for CEE8 countries during the 1995 : Q1 - 2011 : Q1 period by applying the unit root framework using the DF-GLS test and the Lee and Strazicich (2003; 2004) test,...

The economy system is like that of human bodies. In human bodies, both the stock and the velocity of blood are very important. In the economy system, the stock of money and its velocity have the analogous positions. But in the development of the monetary economics, economists have devoted more...

We investigate the causal relationship between money, income and price for Pakistan using quarterly data from 1971-2003. We find that both money supply and prices cause income thus verifying the monetarists' point of view. Taking account of time series properties the methodology applies recent...

The Granger-causality (GC) and error correction (ECM) techniques were applied 1980-2005 data for Turkey to examine cointegration and causality among foreign direct investment(FDI) in tourism sector, overall GDP, and exchange rate volatility (EX). According to the ECM technique, the hypothesis...

Recent research stresses the macroeconomic dimension of income distribution, but no theory has yet emerged. In this note, we introduce factor shares into popular growth models to gain insights into the macroeconomic effects of income distribution. The cost of modifying existing models is low...