, using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test for cointegration, Johansen and Juselius multivariate … cointegration test, Granger causality/Block exogeneity Wald test based on Vector Error Correction Model, variance decomposition …

applies both the cointegration technique and Granger causality within the vector error correction (VEC) framework. The …

product of Jamaica from 1990 to 2011. The variables used in this study are the logarithms of exchange rate, imports, foreign … shocks to real GDP on the other. This indicates that the government of Jamaica has to consider the movements in the exchange …

, Guyana, Jamaica and Trinidad, during the 1985-1993 period using cointegration, Granger causality, and reduced form methods … them in Guyana and Trinidad, which unlike Jamaica applied infrequent and large adjustments to their official rates. The … causation is bi-directional in the case of Jamaica and uni-directional, with changes in the official rate Granger causing …