identification lies at the root of these differences. To deal with this lack of identification, we propose an identification strategy … subjective choices due to a lack of identification. We apply our methodology to the pollution-income relationship of both CO2 …

identification of average treatment effects on hazard rates without model structure. We estimate these effects by kernel hazard …

causal parameters from their identification. He showed that causal parameters are de fined using hypothetical models that …-calculus of Pearl in securing identification of economic models. We extend our framework to consider models for simultaneous …