Using a generally applicable dynamic structural system of equations, we give natural definitions of direct and total structural causality applicable to both structural vector autoregressions (VARs) and recursive structures representing time-series natural experiments. These concepts enable us to...

This paper proposes a nonparametric test for conditional independence that is easy to implement, yet powerful in the sense that it is consistent and achieves n^{-1/2} local power. The test statistic is based on an estimator of the topological "distance" between restricted and unrestricted...