Cancer development can be viewed as an example of spatio-temporal pattern formation. Several attempts have been made to model and predict malignant tumor behavior and also to account for immune system response and the impact of possible clinical treatments. Modeling started from a macroscopic...

Recently, a cellular automata model has been introduced (Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 (2001) 168102) to describe the spread of the HIV infection among target cells in lymphoid tissues. The model reproduces qualitatively the entire course of the infection displaying, in particular, the two time scales...

We study the patterns formed by adding N sand grains at a single site in the abelian sandpile model on an infinite square lattice, when in the initial configuration all sites have same height. When this height is 2, stable heights being 0–3, we show that the perturbed region is a square, whose...

The dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus infection under antiretroviral therapy is investigated using a cellular automata model where the effectiveness of each drug is self-adjusted by the concentration of CD4+  T infected cells present at each time step. The effectiveness of the drugs and...