effective in rectifying market malfunction and stabilising financial markets in Japan and elsewhere. However, the unconventional …

Japanese yen. Furthermore, the country was adversely affected by US pressure to reduce trade deficits and resolve the prolonged … trade dispute. In the early 1990s, Japan faced sluggish economic growth and low inflation, as well as severe structural … operational independence and the lessons learnt from Japan's bubble experience, meanwhile, the Bank of Japan (BOJ) was granted …