The present paper provides an overview on current developments of cash usage and issue of central bank digital currency (CBDC) in the euro area and proposes a possible design of a digital euro that allows for instant offline payments. Cash usage at the point-of-sale decreased perceptibly in the...

Die Satzung des Europäischen Systems der Zentralbanken sieht eine Umverteilung von Geldschöpfungsgewinnen (Seigniorage) zwischen den Notenbanken des Eurosystems vor. Die Diskussion um die "Gewinner" und "Verlierer" aus dieser Regelung wird sehr kontrovers geführt. Die Arbeit versucht, diese...

In the aftermath of the global financial and economic crisis, the ECB became deeply involved in activities aimed at stabilizing the financial system, over-leveraged banks, and over-indebted governments. This article addresses the costs of these monetary policy measures, which heavily exceed the...