study various outcomes, including parents' labor supply, mental health, marital status, and fertility. We find that having a …%. We also find a significant decrease in long-run fertility. These effects are larger for parents with worse socioeconomic …

importantly, we also show for the first time that selection into fertility is the main driver for the previously observed …

predicts lower future pensions to reduce fertility, while the "old-age securityʺ to increase it. Our empirical analysis … identifies a clear and robust positive effect of less generous future pensions on post-reform fertility. These findings are … consistent with "old-age securityʺ even for contemporary fertility.-- old-age security ; public pension systems ; fertility …

predicts lower future pensions to reduce fertility, while the 'old-age security' to increase it. Our empirical analysis … identifies a clear and robust positive effect of less generous future pensions on post-reform fertility. These findings are … consistent with 'old-age security' even for contemporary fertility …

provide suggestive evidence that different selection into fertility drives the opposite counter-cyclical results found in …

, whose fertility choices are less constrained by the OCP than rich ones, have more children but invest less in human capital …

importantly, we also show for the first time that selection into fertility is the main driver for the previously observed …

-exclusive breastfeeding. Falsification exercises suggest that selection concerns such as selective fertility, mobility, and infant mortality …