This paper provides unique evidence of a reversal of gender gaps in cognitive development in early childhood. We find … steep caste and gender gradients and few substantive changes once children enter school. The gender gap, however, reverses …

a 0.1 standard deviation increase in test scores, but only for girls. We show that a reason for the gender … water provision to narrow test score gaps across countries and, within countries, across gender. …

Gender gaps in skills exist around the world but differ remarkably among the high and low-and-middle income countries … and gender attitudes predict gender gaps in cognitive and noncognitive skills. We find steep socioeconomic and attitude … results suggest that a sizable improvement in gender attitudes would yield important gains for females, but substantial gains …