It seems that the "globalization" has failed. Instead, a rising number of people in the Western world prefer old nationalist and protectionist policies. One reason may be the challenge by structural change. Main goal of this paper is to find out if any structural change and any spread of income...

Background: This paper measures the aggregate trade costs from 2000 to 2013, and dicusses the impact of China’s aggregate trade costs on comparative advantages and export share of 17 two-digit ISIC manufacturing industries. Methods: This paper takes China’s vertical specialization reality...