\noindent The Chinese competition authority announced a sanction against Qualcomm, a leading semiconductor manufacturer … in the United States. This study investigates whether Qualcomm's pricing strategy limited competition with its rivals … competition by raising the cost for rivals; this observation is consistent with the authority's judgment. This anti-competition …

. Early policy statements favoring the creation of above-the-rail competition over a monopoly infrastructure – the "European … creation of multiple vertically integrated freight railways. Both plans enable competition between independent firms and routes …