In urban China, gender gaps in employment and earnings have steadily increased since the 1990s. Such gender gaps are … demonstrates, despite the rise in gender differences in the urban labor market, the average gender pension gap decreased between … cohort analysis to gain further insights into the reasons for changes in the gender pension gap. We utilized data from the …

and is found to be similar across countries. As at the end of the 1980s, the gender wage gap is larger in Russia where …Earnings inequality and earnings determination in urban China 2002 and Russia 2003 are compared using samples covering … become stronger than in Russia. The earnings penalty of being employed in the public service sector in Russia has increased …