sources of institutional trajectories of economic development in China, Japan, and Korea. It stylizes the Malthusian-phase of … states of Qing China, Tokugawa Japan, and Yi Korea by focusing on the way in which agricultural taxes were enforced. It also …

five phases of economic development that are common to China, Japan, and Korea: M (Malthusian), G (government-led), K (à la … explores the agrarian origins of institutions in Qing China and Tokugawa Japan (and briefly Choson Korea) and their path … institutional evolution between China and Japan, which also clarifies the simplicity of prevailing arguments that identify East …

and Japan. For robustness, the results are compared to those obtained from leading structural models, such as NiGEM and …