The few panel data tests for predictability of returns that exist are based on the prerequisite that both the number of time series observations, T, and the number of crosssection units, N, are large. As a result, these tests are impossible for stock markets where lengthy time series data are...

In an influential paper, Schott (2004) makes two empirical observations about U.S. imports. (1) The United States is increasingly sourcing the same product (however narrowly defined) from both developed and developing countries. That is, ‘across-product specialization’ has been decreasing....