African economies that export natural resources have benefited from positive terms-of-trade effects. In addition, there is …

This paper provides new evidence of the effects of road construction on both domestic and international trade flows in … those supported by multilateral development banks. We find that road construction helped to reduce trade costs significantly … internal trade costs decreases by 20%, and the ad valorem rate of international trade costs decreases, on average, by 15 …

scale economies in the import process. Combined, these scale economies amplify the effects of technological change and trade … liberalization, creating a two-way relationship between the chain’s size and its sourcing choice. Falling trade barriers increase … to tariff reductions. Technological innovations account for approximately 60% of Wal-Mart’s growth from 1984–2004 and …

described as an economy with a relatively large population and land area which plays a dominant role in trade within the region …

trade within the region and in the regional governance. The regional power develops its technological capacities, and its …