-level imports by country of origin and distinguish betweenfirm-level outsourcing of nal versus intfirmediate goods. Results indicate … that, both industry-level import competition andfirm-level outsourcing to China reducefirm employment growth and induce … skill upgrading. In contrast, industry-level imports have no e ect on Belgianfirm survival, whilefirm-level outsourcing of …

-level imports by country of origin and distinguish between firm-level outsourcing of final versus intermediate goods. Results … indicate that, both industry-level import competition and firm-level outsourcing to China reduce firm employment growth and …-level outsourcing of finished goods to China even increased firm's probability of survival. In terms of skill upgrading, the effect of …

-level imports by country of origin and distinguish between firm-level outsourcing of final versus intermediate goods. Results … indicate that, both industry-level import competition and firm-level outsourcing to China reduce firm employment growth and …-level outsourcing of finished goods to China even increased firm's probability of survival. In terms of skill upgrading, the effect of …

-level import competition and firm-level outsourcing. We find that imports from China are much more important than imports from … during 1996-2007. Our IV results confirm the ambiguous role of outsourcing in firm employment growth, but we also find that … outsourcing to China will increase the relative employment of non-production workers and is beneficial for firm survival …

-level imports by country of origin and distinguish between firm-level outsourcing of final versus intermediate goods. Results … indicate that, both industry-level import competition and firm-level outsourcing to China reduce firm employment growth and …-level outsourcing of finished goods to China even increased firm's probability of survival. In terms of skill upgrading, the effect of …