migrants is 16 percent to 20 percent lower than that of local urban residents. We further find evidence suggesting that, caused … by Hukou restrictions, migrants save more for precautionary purposes, have lower expectation of permanent income, and … income level of migrants are rising quickly, the constraining effects of Hukou on household consumption is increasing …

market adjustment to shifting regional economic conditions. We examine immigration's role in enabling U.S. commuting zones to … a larger proportion than those of the native-born in trade-exposed regions, the contribution of immigration to labor … with high trade exposure was only three-fifths that in regions with low exposure. Immigration may do more to aid adjustment …