disparate actions of political parties and sector institutions. Ambitious targets for electricity access, liberalization, and …-setting and an array of entrenched cross-subsidies. Other vulnerabilities include the continued but declining dependence on …

The challenge of power sector reform in the Arab Republic of Egypt has long been dominated by extremely high subsidies …, with prices set well below the costs of supply. These subsidies have taken a variety of forms: explicit subsidies in the … government budget, implicit subsidies in the underpricing of fuel supply (particularly natural gas) to the power sector …

transmission and distribution; cost-reflective tariffs were introduced; and generation was liberalized. In the second wave … independent regulation, partial privatization of the generation company (KenGen), and establishment of complementary entities …

examines how liberalization and privatization have affected the performance of Chinese telecommunications industry. We identify …The Chinese telecommunications sector is undergoing fundamental changes as it moves towards liberalization. This paper … greater liberalization with increases competition as measured by reductions in industrial concentration and privatization with …