apply a new "flow" measure of "missing women" to estimate the extent of gender bias in mortality in developing countries …. Contrary to the existing literature, they find that the problem of gender bias in mortality is as severe among adults as it is … among children in India, that gender bias in mortality is larger in Sub-Saharan Africa than in China and India, and that …

comparing actual age-sex-specific mortality rates with "expected" ones. Contrary to the existing literature on missing women …, they, and the World Bank which subsequently followed this method, find that gender bias in mortality is much larger than … reference standard for sex-specific mortality from rich countries that is inappropriately applied to settings in developing …