"China is the second-largest economy in the world yet it faces serious energy security challenges due to the country …'s largest crude oil importer, greatly increasing its reliance on imported energy. The International Energy Agency has defined … energy security as "the uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price," employing metrics in various …

As the largest energy consuming country and the second largest oil importing country, China has been the net importer … of all fossil energy since 2009. With its increasing external energy dependence year by year, as well as frequent … occurrences of oil, coal, and electricity shortages, the issue of energy security has been increasingly serious. What is the level …