This paper uses newly available Chinese micro data to estimate the return to college education for late 20th century … return to education has increased substantially in China, compared to the returns measured in the 1980 s and the early 1990's. …

education in China appear to be zero. We estimate an instrumental variables fixed effects model where share of college graduates … is instrumented by the number of universities with special status and find positive external returns to education of … rural, men, and low-educated workers. This finding provides the motivation for increasing education investment in rural …

researchers. Economists have speculated for at least a century that the social returns to education may exceed the private returns … implementing individual fixed effects estimates. The individual fixed effect model shows that the external returns to education in … problem, we then implement the IV fixed effect estimates and find positive external returns to education at about 10%. We also …

China hosts the world's largest secondary education sector: more than 14 million adolescents enrol in secondary … academic or vocational schools every year. Despite the large literature on returns to education, little evidence exists as to … secondary vocational education both at the mean and along the conditional wage distribution. We use instrumental variables based …