migrating peasants, and, consequently, has a positive effect on narrowing the rural-urban income or consumption gap. Urban labor …

Asian countries with a window of opportunity to leap from low/middle income levels to high income levels. It may sound easy …/middle to high income levels are often overlooked. Careful studies in history reveal that the experience of moving up the ladder … conditions or policy counter-measures that lead to higher income levels under changing external circumstances. This is …