Compared with China's pre-eminent status in world trade, its role in global finance is poorly understood. This paper … studies the size, characteristics, and determinants of China's capital exports building a new database of 5000 loans and … grants to 152 countries, 1949-2017. We find that 50% of China's lending to developing countries is not reported to the IMF or …

debt in China, and the corresponding burden on banks of impaired assets. It finds that such techniques can play a role, but …