its authorities on the issue of drug control. However, the room for manoeuvring the Bureau was limited, mainly because of … the resilience of the drug economy and the politicised regulations. Struggling in the narrow space between the colonial … short-lived. Its history reveals the resilience of both licit and illicit drug economy and the power struggles that resulted …

Prohibition makes some drug use and drug selling a crime by statute, but licit drugs like alcohol are also associated … with criminality in myriad ways. Within a prohibition regime, it is difficult but important to distinguish a drug …

This paper studies the economic consequences of the West's foray into China after the Opium War (1839-42), when Western … nature of China's capital markets. Whereas before the Opium War, coastal cities were of relatively minor importance, the … treaty port system of the West transformed China into an economy focused on coastal areas and on international trade that …

The effect of drug prohibition on drug consumption is a critical issue in debates over drug policy. One episode that … provides information on the consumption-reducing effect of drug prohibition is the Chinese legalization of opium in 1858. In … this paper we examine the impact of China's opium legalization on the quantity and price of British opium exports from …