Recent research has examined trade statistics from a value-added perspective and it has traced global value chains (GVC) through countries' domestic production, exports and imports. Research by Koopman et al., Johnson and Noguera, Timmer, and OECD-WTO has made clear that our understanding of...

Since the initiation of its economic reforms in 1978, China has undergone both a rapid development in its industrial production and a major structural change in its economy, resulting in a decline in the share of output being produced by state-owned enterprises (SOEs). These two simultaneous...

This paper examines significant China-Latin America trade patterns that have emerged between 1999 and 2005, and assesses implications of these developments on these trading partners' future economic relationship. We show that China's iron, copper, and soybean imports from Latin America have...

China's external sector has been the engine behind the country's robust economic growth over the past four decades. By 2016, China's total merchandise trade accounted for 16.1% of the world total, compared to 0.6% in 1978 when its economic reforms were initiated. China's rapid trade growth was...

In May 2015, China implemented a “Made in China 2025” initiative to upgrade its manufacturing sector into one that will be considerably more innovative and competitive. Much state direction and funding have been provided to help move the country from a “Made in China” to a “Created in...

This paper represents the first in a series on U.S. manufacturing offshoring. It describes why many U.S. firms have relocated production networks to China, the world's largest manufacturing economy. As the U.S. economy has become increasingly dependent on the provision of services and the...

This briefing is part of a continuing series on U.S. manufacturing offshoring and examines what is known about the size and composition of U.S. offshoring activity to China. An accompanying paper described incentives U.S. firms have had to offshore production to China, the world's largest...

China's trade and investment relationship with Africa is important to both trading partners. For China, Africa represents a growing source of raw materials –most importantly crude oil, iron ore/concentrates, and copper-- which have helped fuel China's rapid infrastructure development. For...