—to explain how “hidden” social costs impacted the stability of common property regimes. Using forest commons in Qing China (1644 …Historically, common property is one of the dominant forms of ownership through which natural resources—e.g., forests … for the longevity of common property regimes in China due to three factors: (1) as a result of the Qing state’s laissez …

Despite the individualization of use rights in farming, land in rural China remains collectively owned. As villagers …