To insure a proper and meaningful productivity assessment of DMUs with different production technologies, this article develops a difference-based profit metafrontier Luenberger productivity indicator. Adopting the proposed model, we empirically measure the profit inefficiency and examine the...

This research develops a new group-based profit difference model for comparing profit performance at the group level with heterogeneous production technology and currencies. The proposed model can fully measure component effects that contribute to cross-group profit variation and also explicitly...