Rapid urbanization could have positive and negative health effects, such that the net impact on population health is … China’s unprecedented urbanization. We construct an index of urbanicity from a broad set of community characteristics and … define urbanization in terms of movements across the distribution of this index. We use difference-in-differences estimators …

Urbanization usually occurs with structural transformation driven by a "push" from agricultural productivity growth and … the "pull" effect dominated the "push" effect during the PRC's structural transformation and urbanization. This model … services intensity increases with its urbanization. …