In the last quarter of the 20th century, the concept of a tax expenditure budget emerged as the primary mode of analysis of concessions in tax laws in advanced economies. Under this approach, the fiscal cost of concessions is calculated and lost revenue is treated as the equivalent of revenue...

Prior to May 1, 2016, the supply of loan intermediary services and many other services in China was subject to tax under a turnover tax regime known as the Business Tax. As a turnover tax, the system had a tax cascading effect, with suppliers unable to recognize input taxes incurred on...

As part of a substantial overhaul of its tax system, in 1994 China established two tax administration systems, one under the control of the central government and separate agencies in each province supervised by provincial governments. Responsibility for collecting individual and company income...

Prior to 2012, the Chinese VAT applied primarily to supplies of goods, with supplies of services, including financial services, subject to a turnover tax known as the Business Tax. The value of financial services in respect of a loan was interpreted as the gross interest payable on the loan. As...

While there have been many studies of the relationship between cultural adaptation and media usage by immigrants to Anglo countries, there have been no studies published in English of media use by international students in China. Researchers investigating media use of international students in...

In May 2016, China's indirect turnover tax on services and transfers of real property, the Business Tax, was terminated and with supplies formerly subject to the tax shifted into the VAT. This paper explains the background to the transition from the Business Tax to the VAT and the new rules that...